Page 50 - FoodFocusThailand No.224 November 2024

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compounds from the solid matrix into the liquid phase (such as - Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) uses enzymes to
in maceration and percolation). Multiple extractions are often break down plant cell walls, releasing active compounds from
required to maximize the yield of active compounds, which further within the cells. The main factors affecting the efficiency of
extends the extraction time. Some techniques, such as decoction, EAE are particle size and the type of enzyme used. Numerous
infusion, and heat reflux extraction, require high temperatures studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of this technique
and/or mechanical force (such as heat and stirring) to improve in increasing the yield of active compounds from various plants,
extraction efficiency, which leads to energy consumption. highlighting its potential in extraction processes.
In addition to the aforementioned techniques, several other
Environmentally Friendly Extraction Techniques environmentally friendly extraction methods exist, such as
for Herbal Plants supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical fluid extraction,
Due to the limitations of conventional extraction methods, the perstraction, subcritical water extraction, and mechanochemical-
development of integrated extraction techniques and green assisted extraction. These methods offer sustainable
extraction techniques has emerged to reduce the environmental alternatives for extracting active compounds from plants.
effect of the extraction process. These techniques also ensure
that the final product is safe for consumption. The selection of
an extraction technique depends on the advantages or limitations
of the method and the specific active compounds desired. These More Information Service Info C008
green extraction techniques offer several benefits compared to
traditional methods, such as shorter extraction times, reduced
use of harmful organic solvents, and higher extraction efficiency,
including lower energy consumption during repeat extractions. เอกสารอ้างอิง / References
Here are a few examples of popular and interesting extraction A.C. Diamanti, P.E. Igoumenidis, I. Mourtzinos, K. Yannakopoulou, V.T.
methods. Karathanos, Green extraction of polyphenols from whole
- Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is a modern pomegranate fruit using cyclodextrins, Food Chem., 214 (2017),
pp. 61-66, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.072
extraction technique that uses microwave energy to separate C. Picot-Allain, M.F. Mahomoodally, G. Ak, G. Zengin, Conventional
compounds from samples. This method applies microwave versus green extraction techniques — a comparative perspective,
heating, with frequencies ranging from 300 MHz to 300 GHz, to Curr. Opin. Food Sci., 40 (2021), pp. 144-156, 10.1016/J.
the extracted sample. The microwave energy is converted into COFS.2021.02.009
thermal energy and transferred directly to the sample, resulting D. Niu, X.A. Zeng, E.F. Ren, F.Y. Xu, J. Li, M.S. Wang, R. Wang, Review
in superheating inside the sample. This damages the cellular of the application of pulsed electric fields (PEF) technology for food
structure, increases diffusion rates, and facilitates the release of processing in China, Food Res. Int., 137 (2020), Article 109715,
10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109715
active compounds into the solvent more effectively. MAE uses F. Garavand, S. Rahaee, N. Vahedikia, S.M. Jafari, Different techniques
a smaller amount of solvent and can even perform extractions for extraction and micro/nanoencapsulation of saffron bioactive
without a solvent, utilizing the water in the sample as both a ingredients, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 89 (2019), pp. 26-44,
solvent and a means of breaking down cells. Although this method 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.05.005
has advantages, MAE may not be suitable for all types of F.G.C. Ekezie, D.W. Sun, J.H. Cheng, Acceleration of microwave-as
samples. Therefore, operators must consider the best approach sisted extraction processes of food components by integrating
for each specific sample to achieve optimal results. technologies and applying emerging solvents: a review of latest
developments, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 67 (2017), pp. 160-172,
- Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE), also known as 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.06.006
Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE), is a process that allows G. Alvarez-Rivera, M. Bueno, D. Ballesteros-Vivas, J.A. Mendiola, E.
solvents to remain in a high-temperature and high-pressure state, Ibañez, Pressurized liquid extraction, Liq. Extr. (2019), pp. 375-398,
which exceeds the solvent’s boiling point while maintaining it in 10.1016/B978-0-12-816911-7.00013-X
a liquid state. The system’s pressure must also be increased M. Garcia-Vaquero, G. Rajauria, B. Tiwari, Conventional extraction
accordingly. Under high-pressure conditions, the organic solvent techniques: solvent extraction, Sustain. Seaweed Technol. Cultiv.
approaches the supercritical regions of the phase diagram, which Biorefinery, Appl. (2020), pp. 171-189, 10.1016/B978-0-12-817943-
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enhances the solvent’s ability to penetrate the sample matrix. R. Costa, The chemistry of mushrooms: a survey of novel extraction
This improves mass transfer rates, reduces extraction time, and techniques targeted to chromatographic and spectroscopic
minimizes solvent usage. screening, Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem., 49 (2016), pp. 279-306, 10.1016/
- Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) relies on high- B978-0-444-63601-0.00009-0
frequency sound waves to generate compression and rarefaction T. Belwal, F. Chemat, P.R. Venskutonis, G. Cravotto, D.K. Jaiswal, I.D.
waves in the sample. These waves cause cavitation (the formation Bhatt, H.P. Devkota, Z. Luo, Recent advances in scaling-up of
of bubbles) that disrupt the cell structure and enhance the non-conventional extraction techniques: learning from successes
and failures,TrAC Trends Anal. Chem., 127 (2020), Article 115895,
solvent’s ability to penetrate the sample more effectively. 10.1016/J.TRAC.2020.115895
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- Pulsed Electric Field Extraction (PEFE) is a non-thermal V. Kitryte, A. Kavaliauskaite, L. Tamkute, M. Pukalskiene, M.
process that uses electric pulses to disrupt the cells, increasing Syrpas, P. Rimantas Venskutonis, Zero waste biorefining of lingon
the efficiency of extracting active compounds from plants. PEFE berry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) pomace into functional ingredients
reduces the extraction time and the amount of solvent used, by consecutive high pressure and enzyme assisted extractions with
making it a potentially efficient method for industrial-scale green solvents, Food Chem., 322 (2020), Article 126767, 10.1016/j.
extraction. foodchem.2020.126767
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