Page 56 - FoodFocusThailand No.223 October 2024

SMART PRODUCTION

2. Wet method: This involves dissolving the protein source, extraction. 3.3 Pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted
followed by precipitation based on differences in pH levels. The extraction: This technology uses high-voltage electrical
solvents used include water, organic solvents, acids, and bases. This energy in short pulses to enhance protein extraction from
method is considered a chemical extraction process and is suitable plants and microorganisms. The process involves
for legumes, oilseeds, grains, and leafy greens. Examples include: applying pulsed electric fields to plant or microbial cells,
2.1 Enzyme-assisted extraction: Uses enzymes to digest and break creating temporary pores in the cell walls (electroporation).
down cell walls. This extraction method has relatively high costs and This allows proteins inside the cells to be more easily
energy use but is efficient. 2.2 Supercritical water extraction: Utilizes released into the solvent. It can be used to extract
conditions with temperature and pressure above the critical point for proteins from all types of plants. 3.4 High hydrostatic
extraction, which is a solvent-free and environmentally friendly pressure (HHP)-assisted extraction: This technique
process. 2.3 Reverse micelles (RM) extraction is a technique used uses extremely high pressure (over 100 MPa) to enhance
to isolate and purify substances, particularly proteins from natural protein extraction efficiency without the need for high
sources such as plants. The principle of reverse micelle extraction temperatures, which is a key factor that damages protein
involves two main steps: Forward Extraction: The reverse micelle quality. It can be applied to a variety of plants, both those
solution is brought into contact with the protein source (e.g., plant with hard and soft cell walls, because high pressure can
tissues). The proteins migrate from the source into the micelle because break down all types of cell walls.” It is applicable to a
the micelle’s internal environment is suitable for protein solubilization. wide range of plants, including those with both hard and
Backward Extraction: The solution obtained from the first step is then soft cell walls, as the high pressure can disrupt all types
altered in conditions, such as changing the pH or concentration of of cell walls (Figure 5).
the solution, which causes the proteins to be released from the micelle. However, choosing the appropriate extraction
This method allows for precise protein extraction. 2.4 Aqueous two- method for different plants and the specific nutrients
phase systems (ATPS) extraction: When the substance to be desired from the extraction can help increase yield,
separated is introduced into an aqueous two-phase system, proteins improve quality, and reduce the cost of producing plant-
will partition into one of the phases depending on their physical and based animal feed. While the plant-based pet food
chemical properties, such as size, charge, and hydrophilicity. After the industry remains challenging, it shows significant
proteins have partitioned into the desired phase, the two phases can potential and is expected to grow in the future.
be separated by centrifugation or letting them settle out (Figure 4).
3. Emerging Technologies for Plant Protein Extraction: These
methods offer rapid, efficient extraction while preserving protein
quality. For example: 3.1 Microwave-assisted extraction: This More Information Service Info C006
technique has gained popularity in recent years due to its speed,
energy saving, and higher protein yield compared to traditional
methods. Microwaves cause molecular vibrations, which enhance เอกสารอ้างอิง / References
protein release. It is particularly effective for plants with high protein 1 Yoosefzadeh-Najafabadi, M., Rajcan, I., & Vazin, M. (2022).
content, such as soybeans and sunflower seeds. 3.2 Ultrasound- High-throughput plant breeding approaches: Moving along
assisted protein extraction: This method uses high-frequency sound with plant-based food demands for pet food industries.
waves (ultrasound) to improve protein extraction from plants. The Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9, 991844.
Olivry, T., Pucheu-Haston, C. M., Mayer, U., Bergvall, K., &
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pressure and temperature generated by cavitation break down cell Bexley, J. (2022). Identification of major and minor chicken
walls, releasing intracellular proteins. It is suitable and effective for allergens in dogs. Veterinary dermatology, 33(1), 46-57.
Fu, Q., Zhao, J., Rong, S., Han, Y., Liu, F., Chu, Q., ... & Chen,
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plants with hard cell structures, such as various seeds, soybeans, S. (2023). Research advances in plant protein-based products:
and sunflower seeds. Ultrasound is also effective for plants with high Protein sources, processing technology, and food
oil content, as it reduces oil viscosity, facilitating easier protein applications. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
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4 Li, P., & Wu, G. (2024). Characteristics of Nutrition and
Metabolism in Dogs and Cats. In Nutrition and Metabolism of
Dogs and Cats (pp. 55-98). Cham: Springer Nature
Switzerland.
5 Dodd, S. A., Adolphe, J. L., & Verbrugghe, A. (2018). Plant-
based diets for dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary
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6 Alves, A. C., & Tavares, G. M. (2019). Mixing animal and plant
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7 Wehrmaker, A. M., Draijer, N., Bosch, G., & van der Goot, A.
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8 Thakur, S., Pandey, A. K., Verma, K., Shrivastava, A., & Singh,
ภาพที่่� 5 เทคโนโลยีีใหม่่สำำ�หรัับก�รัสำกัดโปรัตีีนพืืช (ก�รัสำกัดด้วยีไม่โครัเวฟ ก�รัสำกัด N. (2024). Plant-based protein as an alternative to animal
proteins: A review of sources, extraction methods and
ด้วยีอััลตีรั�โซนิก และก�รัสำกัดด้วยีสำน�ม่ไฟฟ้�) applications. International Journal of Food Science &
Figure 5 Emerging Technologies for Plant Protein Extraction Technology, 59(1), 488-497.
(Microwave-assisted extraction, Ultrasound-assisted extraction, Golder, C., Weemhoff, J. L., & Jewell, D. E. (2020). Cats have
and Pulsed electric field extraction) increased protein digestibility as compared to dogs and
improve their ability to absorb protein as dietary protein intake
ที่่�มา/Source:Thakur et al. (2024) shifts from animal to plant sources. Animals, 10(3), 541.

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